Matisse Essays - Fauvism, French Art, Modern Art, Modern Painters

Matisse An exceptional section throughout the entire existence of present day figure could be committed to specialists who are referred to essentially for their vocations as painters, yet who have likewise made earth shattering commitments to the comprehension of three-dimensional structure. Henri Matisse, celebrated as one of this present century's most prominent colorists, is likewise now perceived for the splendid development he brought to his sculptural sytheses. Conceived in La Cateau-Cambr?sis, in northern France, Matisse initially considered law before taking up painting at the age of twenty-one, and in 1891 he selected at the Acad?mie Julian in Paris. The next year he moved to the ?cole des Beaux Arts, where he concentrated under the incomparable Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau. In 1899, Matisse was acquainted with Andr? Derain, who thus acquainted him with Maurice de Vlaminck. These craftsmen imparted an interest to the apparent elements of Post-Impressionism; their distinctive arrangements progressively gave shading an emotive, autonomous, and antinaturalistic job. They displayed together at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, where their compositions caused a buzz, driving one pundit to allude to them as Les Fauves or wild brutes. By 1909 Matisse moved to an increasingly tranquil style in artistic creations, executed with expansive shading planes, rearranged structures, and ideal subjects. Matisse's first figures were made during his understudy years. As anyone might expect, his most punctual figures were duplicates after little scope scholarly bronzes. By 1900 Matisse had started progressively eager creations. His Serf, 1900-1903, took Rodin's The Walking Man as a state of flight. Where Rodin trimmed the figure to stress the dynamism of the posture, Matisse decided to accentuate the static characteristics of his standing figure. Throughout the following decade Matisse made various female nudes, differently rendered as standing and leaning back figures, which uncover his cautious investigation of the model. Not at all like such peers as Aristide Maillol, who intentionally reverberated old style models, Matisse tried to render the female bare with another instantaneousness, liberated of craftsmanship chronicled shows. The Backs are Matisse's most extreme works in bronze. The figure, appeared from the back, is executed in high alleviation against an encircling ground, a painterly gadget with not many points of reference in form. By dismissing the figure from the watcher, Matisse investigates the test of supplying the human structure with expressive force. In the progression of works, the figure is logically fixed and the hub of the spine turns into the expanding focal point of the arrangement. The four boards were executed over a twenty-year length, with each progressive picture revamped from a mortar cast of the first one. The Backs were never indicated together during Matisse's lifetime and were not imagined as an arrangement or set. Or maybe, they ought to be viewed as one work that went through four phases a continuous sculptural explanation of the craftsman's vision. Workmanship Essays

In the play Death of a Salesmen What is Miller's definition of the Essay

In the play Death of a Salesmen What is Miller's meaning of the American Dream What does Miller recommend that the Am - Essay Example All through the content Arthur Miller never transparently expresses his idea of the American Dream, rather exhibiting errors encompassing this idea. In any case, it’s clear that in thinking about the critical components comparable to their positive talk, one can explain an idea of Miller’s American Dream. In one of the most pivotal scenes in the play, Willy Loman approaches his supervisor for a raise. In a urgent request to persuade Howard, Loman transfers an episodic story. He states, And when I saw that, I understood that selling was the best vocation a man could need. ’Cause what could be more fulfilling than to have the option to go, at the age of eighty-four, into twenty or thirty unique urban communities, and get a telephone, and be recalled and cherished and helped by such huge numbers of various individuals? (Mill operator Act II, scene ii). This is a mind boggling explanation. In certain respects, one can contend that Miller is actualizing a dash of come dic incongruity in Loman’s excessively excited help for his voyaging sales rep work. In any case, in another setting the activity speaks to for Loman a halfway acknowledgment of the American Dream. In this calling he has discovered an important methods for obtaining a living.

Harvard Agrees Its Time to Tell Applicants, You Are Enough

Harvard Agrees Its Time to Tell Applicants, You Are Enough ICYMI- Harvard Agrees: Its Time to Tell Applicants, You Are Enough ICYMI- Harvard Agrees: Its Time to Tell Applicants, You Are Enough This week, CEA founder Stacey Brook provided some unique insight into Harvards recent Turning the Tide study. The college essay has become a crucial turning point in the application process that reveals just how damaging the college admissions culture has become. Stacey writes: I see it all the time: Imposter Syndrome in a thoughtful and talented seventeen year-old who has barely begun to understand what life will bring; who has racked up but a small fraction of achievements that are sure to follow; who thinks, for no reason at all and for all the reasons he or she has internalized during the unrelenting admissions madness, that he or she is not enough. I have heard this from a student who can wax philosophical for hours about the meaning of life according to Aristotle and Plato, but whose SAT scores were under par for his target schools (mostly Ivies). I have heard it from someone who volunteers to teach English to students in Indonesia via Skype every Friday night, but who earned a C in 11th grade calculus (his least favorite class). The young woman who took care of her siblings while her mother had breast cancer who did not have time to join DECA because she was changing her mothers bandages after a double mastectomy? I heard it from her too. What about the pursuit of a higher education makes these students feel inadequate? Part of the problem is how applicants are taught to value and rank colleges. The more troubling component has to do with how colleges have learned to value young minds and motivations. Read the rest at the Huffington Post. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth »

Post-Freudian Pshychoanalytic Theory of Adam Eve

Jane Doe December 6, 2012 Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory of Adam and Eve The story of Adam and Eve is one of the most culturally important and known stories in the Bible regarding the origin of mankind. It’s generally followed by Judeo-Christians but is also grasped by other religious views, though many tend to overlook minor key details that may alter the whole interpretation. First, God created a man named Adam to primarily tend to the garden he planted in Eden. There were many trees in the garden that happened to contain two special types of trees. God allowed Adam to eat from any tree he wished, except from one specific tree. Then, God created a woman to accompany Adam who automatically became his wife. The woman came†¦show more content†¦Following that, Eve comes across a serpent that many see as the devil because he was said to have lied to her. However, the serpent does not lie to her but probably provided a more clear truth than to what God told Adam. Referring to the text, †Å"When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it. Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nowhere in the story did the serpent lie. The serpent stated that if they ate from the forbidden tree, their eyes would be open and they would know good and evil, what in which all came true. The woman is depicted as the child figure because she saw wisdom as a sort of independence. To gain independence, both Adam and Eve rebelled and went against God’s command. To point out, the two were not ashamed of their rebellion, but they were ashamed of their exposure. This shows existentialism because as Sartre stated, â€Å"Man is nothing else but that which makes of himself. That is the first principle of existentialism†. This is when Adam and Eve first discover th emselves. They existed but this is when they began to become aware of their surroundings. By covering themselves up first rather than address their disobedience, they have made their initial step into their existence. Afterwards,

A survey about general sanitary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6585 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Mauritius is known as a paradise island, attracting thousands of tourists each year. During the last two decades this sector has undergone a rapid development making it one of the most important pillars of our economy. Nowadays our country relies a lot on this industry as it is a source of revenue for foreign currency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A survey about general sanitary" essay for you Create order Our hotels accommodate the majority of this population. Hotels provide them with basic accommodation such as lodging and food facilities. Therefore any wrong management in this sector can make drastic changes to our economy. The Government did a lot to promote this sector, by amending laws protecting the environment while other authorities are working hard to avoid propagation and controlling communicable diseases. Therefore hotels have an important role in maintaining a good hygienic level and also in the fight of controlling any diseases or infections by reporting them to the authorities concerned. Thus a study was carried out to study the general sanitary practices of medium size hotels of Mauritius. Fifty hotels were selected at random throughout the island. Two survey questionnaires were designed. Questionnaire 1 was designed for my personal view to assess the hygienic conditions of food preparation area, rooms and other facilities available whereas questionnaire 2 was designed to assess the knowledge of the food handlers concerning various issues. After carrying out the surveys, it was found that simple hygienic practices were lacking among the food handlers. Moreover some hotels sanitary conditions were not satisfactory concerning certain issues, thus not complying with the recommended laws. Good sanitary facilities were not provided by the hotels management. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview A hotel is an establishment providing paid lodgement on short time basis. It provides basic accommodation consisting of room with bed, toilet and bathroom and water facility. It also provides food for room service daily and has its own restaurant (Wikipedia, 2010). Therefore it must have a high level of hygiene. Hotels accommodate adults, children and old persons. People coming from all parts of the world. These people are strangers with different life styles and different personal hygiene levels. A good degree of hygiene in the hotel establishment is therefore necessary to counteract any hygienic problems that may arise. Therefore hotels must provide services of good quality with trained personnel. The level of hygiene of staffs must be considered as priority. The workers must cope with all sanitary regulations for themselves to be clean and not to be the cause of any infection spread. Hotels are regulated because of cleanliness reason and sanitary practices which help to prevent the spread of diseases and parasites. Inspections are made to ensure they operate safely complying with all regulations such as Public Health Act, Safety and Health Act or the Food Act. (FAQ, 2010). From a research carried out by Environmental Health Division in the United States, inspections carried out by the inspectors were mainly to have a visual examination for overall cleanliness and soundness of building construction. Moreover simple inspections were done concerning proper washing of dishes like cups and glasses, proper laundering of bed and bath linens. Other inspections performed were to look in the maintenance of other room furnishings and for the absence of rodents and insects that are of great importance in preventing diseases. These inspections are effected according to the Tourist Accommodation Regulation (Environmental Health, 2010). Hotels are inspected at least once per year and sometimes much more depending on complaints arising from the public. In United States, Fire Marshal approval is an important factor else no permit is delivered (Environmental Health,2010). . In Mauritius hotels license are issued after approval of an EIA and compliance of all health codes. Food hygiene training is an important factor in hotels. Adopting a safe food handling practice is an important factor for effective management of food safety. A study carried out by the International Journal of Environmental Health Research on food hygiene training practices by interviewing managers and food handlers. It showed that most of the food handlers had undertaken formal food hygiene training courses but many others did not and still were preparing food, including high risk foods. Pre-training support and on-going supervision was absent, thus limiting its effectiveness. It is believed that food handlers are in many cases causes of food contamination (Taylor and Francis, 2008). Researches effected in Wales, showed many that hotels were criticised for a number of failures. Numerous high risk foods were kept past their use by dates. Chopping boards were in a state that could no longer be disinfected properly due to their worn state while mouldy plastic bread containers were also spotted. Other hotels were criticised for inadequate level of food hygiene awareness among its staff while another had a leaking cellar roof (Woodrow, 2009). Other researches reported that in United States, there were cases where rooms were causes of sickness where housekeeping staff was not properly doing their job (Conrad,2008). In New York, during an inspection it was observed that a hotel room was infested by bed bugs, mice and other vermin (Riverside Studio, 2009). Studies carried out in other parts of the world have demonstrated that hotels often lack a good hygiene level. Carelessness of workers lead to food contamination and other infections. However our country is not the best compared to them. This study is being carried out to investigate the level of hygiene in our medium size hotels of Mauritius. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aims of the study The aim of the study is to assess the level of hygiene present in medium size hotels of Mauritius. Food handlers are to be assessed concerning food hygiene practices in food processing area. Housekeeping staffs are to be assessed about the importance of hygiene in rooms and also evaluating the level the knowledge of workers concerning communicable diseases. Recommendations were also made for improvements. Objectives of the study The objectives of the study are to: Taking a sample size of at least 50 hotels around Mauritius to have an overview evaluation of the level of hygiene over the whole island. Carry out a survey for my personal view of hygiene in hotels. Carry out a second survey to assess the knowledge of workers about hygienic importance in their working place Compare the sanitary facilities available in these hotels to the law requirements. Analyse the data and to make propose recommendations for improving the level of hygiene and the sanitary facilities available. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Hygiene Hygiene is described as the science of preserving health in connection to cleanliness. It compromises all those measures necessary to detect and prevent infection and intoxication which may be harmful to health. The aim of a good hygiene is to provide consumers with both a good service and safe food. It involves all measures directed to ensure a safe and good quality product and service. Hygiene is an important factor in a business as it helps to protect and also promote ones reputation. In order to have all these, it is a must to comply with all Acts Regulations made in the law (schurmann,2008). Food poisoning Food poisoning is one result of poor hygienic practices. We are surrounded by tiny living organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope. These organisms are called microorganisms. Some are harmless whereas those which are harmful are called pathogens. They are found everywhere. An example is Staphylococcus aureus living on the skin as a normal flora. The same bacteria if in contact with food, can cause food poisoning. This is one of the most common food poisoning bacteria. Another example is E.Coli living naturally in our intestines for breaking down of food, but when in the urinary tract, it causes serious infections (Frazier W, 1995). Contamination can be made by different bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum. The symptoms arising when consuming food harboring these harmful bacteria are familiar to most people. They are namely vomiting, headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea. There is loss of fluid through vomiting and diarrhea in most severe cases. Those who are more prone to such risk are youngs and elderly or already ill people. Therefore sanitary conditions play an important role in preventing such disease to happen. Necessary precautions must be taken at all stages in food preparation and most important when this concerns bulk production of food as in hotels (JFraser,Microbiology Book). To prevent food poisoning there are three main things that can be done: stop the bacteria from multiplying by : Bacteria reproduce very if they get suitable conditions: moisture, food, warmth, and time Therefore it is important to prevent such conditions by using proper storage. stop bacteria getting onto the food Keeping food covered Handling food as little as possible Keeping raw and cooked foods separate Keeping animals and pests out of the kitchen Disposing of rubbish in covered bins destroy the bacteria in the food only a few bacteria are able to survive temperatures higher than 70o C. This is why it is important to cook food thoroughly. Food such as meat and vegetables should be chopped into small pieces to ensure cooking. Food that is reheated, should be used only once. The left overs should be discarded. Frozen food should be well defrosted before cooking as it may happen that inner part remain uncooked. Food borne diseases Food-borne disease arises when contaminated food is ingested containing a pathogen. This pathogen causes problems only because of the fact that it reproduces inside the human body which provides all necessary factors for its development. Poor food handling and bad sanitation practices are commonly the cause of food-borne diseases in food establishments. One example is the gut bacteria Escherichia coli causing food-borne disease. It may be present through faecal or other source of contamination. E.coli caused 20 deaths and 200 other cases in Lanarkshire, Scotland in 1996 which needed to be treated during the outbreak. This bacteria is particularly dangerous because few bacterial cells, possibly 20 minimum need be ingested by a person to cause severe symptoms( Maff, 2000). A study carried out in Mekelle Town in Ethiopia to determine the sanitary conditions in 420 establishments including small hotels showed that latrines, hand washing basins, proper type of solid waste disposal and tap water were available at 96.9% , 57.1 % , 39.2% and 93.6% respectively. Proper dish washing and food storage practices were observed at 46% and 52% respectively. But poor personal hygiene among the workers and food handlers were observed. Staphylococcus aureus and E.Coli were found in utensils at a high level which can only result from poor hygienic practices of the workers. (Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2007). It was observed that sanitary conditions were maintained but however there were conditions where there was non adherence in workers. Our country is not an exception to such food-borne outbreaks. The sanitary inspectors of the Ministry of Health are here to give support to avoid such problems. Water borne diseases Water contamination is common worldwide. The category affected is mainly young people and elders having a poor immune system. A study was carried out in India about the water hygiene behaviours in hotels and restaurants few years ago. It showed that contamination in drinking water is made by man and usually due to improper storage, handling and serving which leads to serious water borne diseases. It has been noticed that in a drinking water sample of 340, 69.1% were non-potable water and 73.2 % had presence of E.Coli due to human faecal matter. Causes to this outbreak were poor hygiene behaviours, storage and handling practices which was known to deteriorate the water quality. This could have been improved by educating the workers and food handlers in these hotels and restaurants. This can result to illness of mainly diarrhoea and vomiting, whereas other symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, headache and giddiness (Pubmed,2003). General sanitary requirements in hotels People normally visit a hotel for short-term basis. There is a continuous flow of incoming and outgoing people. Different people from different countries stay in same room. Therefore rooms must be well sanitized and disinfected after each visit. Aeration and ventilation is important. Cleanliness and sanitary practices play an important role in maintaining this balance. It helps to prevent the spread of diseases and parasites not only to tourists but also our general population. Hotels are therefore inspected to make sure that it copes with the law and that they operate safely following the Health Codes (Lockyer,2003). Points that are inspected and controlled for aiming a good cleanliness and soundness of building facility are : Absence of pests such as rodents and insects Proper handling and storage of trash Proper laundering of bed linens and bed Proper washing of utensils such as plates ,cups and glasses No hazards due to infrastructure of building facility Cloakroom accommodation for staffs Proper services such as power, heat, water General maintainance of area to eliminate potential breeding places for mosquitoes or other vectors No domestic animals in area Fire safety and emergency exits Good hygiene rules Consumer satisfaction is prior to all. Thus a good service and hygienic food and water are important. Rooms should be well maintained. Housekeeping department plays an important role. It is the backbone of any good hotel. Employees of housekeeping department are made responsible for maintenance, as they have to visit each room every day to set the room for same the guest or the next guest. During their routine visit, they check all the possible electric point, water points, gadgets, while replacing linen, soap, shampoo, towel, etc other important factors are listed below. Sanitary design premises should be assessed and designed in such a way to reduce health hazards. Personal Hygiene and Food handlers One must be educated about hygiene and to start oneself should be hygienic in all aspects and should possess a food handlers certificate. Cleanliness Working environment should be maintained clean. There should be a high standard of cleanliness, most important for those handling food stuffs. Awareness knowledge of hygiene practices in work place, communicable diseases awareness. Hands Skin Hand is the main route for contamination. Therefore to avoid food poisoning bacteria to get in contact with food, water and soap must be used for washing time to time. Mouth, nose ear it is the route for staphylococcus bacteria to enter food through coughing, sneezing and scratching. Therefore necessary precautions should be taken be avoid these during food preparation. Sanitary conditions in restaurants A good hygiene is required in food premises to make sure food is safe. It prevents food poisoning and prevent spreading of any communicable diseases resulting from careless personnel or caterers handling food stuffs. Rules such as Cleanliness, Cooking, Chilling and Cross Contamination should be well observed while handling food. Food safety and hygiene practice using Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) is recommended by WHO and FAO to maintain a good quality of food and services (Silva, 2001). Trained personnel should preferably be employed. Facilities such as proper dustbins, wash hand basins and toilets should be made available for the workers. Points that should be observed in aiming a good and safe food hygiene are: ood handlers Certificate Floors (smooth clean) Ceilings / Walls maintained properly Utensils properly washed sterilized Proper sanitary design of kitchen Fly proof and rodent proof Storage accommodation of foods Disposal of waste (Solid and Liquid) Drainage system Wash hand easily available Good aeration / temperature /Humidity Work area spacious enough for workers Showers facility for workers(Working Day / Night) Hygiene in kitchen All employees working in food premises either in the task of preparation, handling or serving food should possess a food handler certificate after having followed a medical inspection by a doctor. They should have a satisfactory knowledge of hygiene and cleanliness and be aware of possible problems caused of improper food handling. Health education plays an important role in promoting food and personal hygiene. All staffs should be given appropriate training. Health inspectors have an important work in providing health education by promoting awareness of dangers of food poisoning and poor hygiene practices Medical certificate The law states that every food handler involved in food business should be in possession of a valid medical certificate. This food handler certificate is issued by a G.M.O and is valid for only 3 years and has to be renewed each year. This certifies that its owner is in good health and is not suffering from any communicable diseases (Food Regulation, 1999) (refer to Appendix 2). Obtention of medical certificate The person has to call at the Health Office of the Ministry Of Health of his region with his national identity card and with two photo passport. An appointment is given for a session of talk on hygienic practices and after due accomplishment, the latter is examined by a Regional Public Health Superintendent (RPHS). Thereafter if the person is observed to be in good health, the certificate is obtained(Food Regulation,1999) Working environment The standard of cleanliness of factory and its workers is a reflection of the standard of efficiency of management and the morale of the working population. Provision has been made in the Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005 concerning welfare of workers and overcrowding in place of work. It says that a place of work shall not be overcrowded as it can cause risks of health injury of the employees. It is mentioned that the space allowed shall not be less than 11 cubic metres per workers (OSHA, 2005, Appendix 3). Kitchen is an example where there is often overcrowding of workers in hotels. Smoking The personnel should be well educated and trained about hygiene in a workplace. Employees should not smoke during work, mainly during preparation of food or while handling any food stuffs or utensils. Smoking is prohibited by law in any public places and moreover smoking in a food preparation area can pass diseases from an individual to another. Customers also can be contaminated. Smokers can transfer harmful bacteria from their mouth to food and thereafter, consumers of these foods may ingest these bacteria in turn. These bacteria can be harmless on the carrier but harmful to another person. Communicable diseases Any person suffering from a communicable disease, boils, sores, acute respiratory infection or bleeding wounds should not be allowed to work in any food premises. A list of these diseases is listed in (Appendix 4). All communicable diseases should also be reported to the Health Offices for treatment. Therefore all employees should possess their food handler certificate and renew it every year by a doctor to ensure that safe food and services are provided to customers. The law has made provisions concerning infectious or communicable diseases. It is said that the occupier of any premises in which a patient resides shall give notice to Sanitary Authority or if visited by a medical practitioner and it is confirmed that the patient is suffering from an infectious disease, health inspector of the region shall made aware of the existence of the disease , name of the patient, the situation of the premises and name of the occupier. (Public Health Act,Appendix 5). Preventing food contamination We should not forget the motto PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE . Prevention of food contaminations is a must. Appropriate preventive measures should be taken. Employees should give attention to personal hygiene and the working habits in a hotel kitchen. Body should be kept clean by washing and bathing. Hands should be washed at least on every occasion when entering food preparation zone. Hands and arms should he washed thoroughly using soap and water after each visit to the toilet. Avoid use of common towel (use paper that are disposable). Wear clean and washable overall preferably white Keep hands away from mouth, nose ,hair ,ear while working Do not eat while handling food/ preparation Do not wipe hands on overall Use spoons, forks , tongs instead of hands in preparation Avoid useless blabbering while working Smoking, spitting should e avoided in working area Obey food safety signs Keep work area clean Staff facilities maintained in good hygienic conditions A research carried out in 2004 in a popular hotel of Egypt after a major outbreak of Hepatitis A where 351 tourists was contaminated showed that there was poor sanitation, no proper health education and medical examination. An infected worker with imperfect hand hygiene and who was in contact with sewage-contaminated water was the source of this huge outbreak. (Eurosurveillance, 2006) Concerning food safety, the WHO has initiatives for surveillance programme with objectives of a development of an international food safety network, application of HACCP and development of a safety information system. (WHO, 2004). Storage of food Food storage is important industrially. Hotels prepare food for hundreds of persons daily. Therefore a good storage system is necessary. Area should be pest proof, warm, clean and not humid. There are three main categories of food requiring different storage methods. Dry food should be kept in a warm place and not humid to avoid spoilage by microorganisms growth. Chilled food should be stored at an appropriate low temperature, and precautions should be taken in case of electricity cut. Canned food should be verified before using. Stock rotation is important concerning canned products. It is important that you rotate and use your food storage (Caldwell M, 2006). Storage of water An ample supply of water should be provided with adequate facilities for its storage and adequate protection against contamination. Water is used both in food preparation and rooms for toilets and bathrooms. Many aquatic microorganisms can survive and flourish in water with minimal nutrients and can be transferred to people with poor immune system. A study conducted in United States described how gastroenteritis is a common outbreak in hotels. Unsteady state flow and stagnation in distribution systems affect the biological stability of drinking water which promotes bacterial accumulation (Dippold L et al, 2000). Therefore it is important that tanks are fitted tightly with lids and that they are regularly cleaned and sampled for chemical and bacteriological analysis. Cleaning frequency is an important factor. The tanks should be verified in case of rusting of any parts and dates should be noted at each cleaning done. (Logan G, 2008). Tanks should be cleaned at least once every trimester for proper maintainance to avoid microorganism proliferation. Waste disposal A hotel can be considered as a microcosm in itself having the potential of producing all kinds of waste that is hazardous. Hazardous waste comes in many different shapes and forms: it can be liquid, solid, gas or sludge, and more often it is poured down sinks directly or discharged to regular waste stream (Patel A, 2008). The types of waste generated in hotels and their sources are listed below. However there are two main types of hotel waste, solid(dry),known to be non-biodegradable and liquid(wet),biodegradable wastes. The risk and problem that arises are odour, unaesthetic and it acts as breeding place for vector of diseases (flies, rats, rodents), thus a nuisance to health (Wagh V, 2005). Solid waste Solid waste is described as materials of no longer value and which is not meant to be discharged through pipe. These dry wastes comprise of plastic bottles, papers, plastic wrappers, HDPE bags etc. These wastes should not be mixed with the wet waste which may produce bad odor and dirty look. They should be disposed in dry places for storage until collection is done (Wagh V, 2005). Liquid waste Liquid waste is simply discharged in sinks. Wet waste comprises of food and vegetable. Most hotels kitchen sinks are fitted with a garbage disposer (garburator) which is a device installed under the kitchen sink between drain and pipe which shred waste into pieces enough to pass them through plumbing. Grease traps are also fitted to prevent drains to be blocked from fats, oil and grease. Some hotels also provide septic tanks to avoid potential problems that may occur in case there is blockage of main sewage pipes provided by the Government. Elimination of mosquito breeding places The hotels management does the necessary to avoid spreading of diseases. Potential breeding places for vectors are eliminated by draining all roofs water accumulation at least twice a week and insecticides are sprayed. All ponds and garden water are regularly checked and all bottles or containers are removed and bushes like the grass are well maintained. The Ministry Of Health also provide services for spraying insecticides on a regular basis (MOH, 2009 Health surveillance of tourists Tourist can be responsible for spreading of diseases. One recent case notified was in 2009 where the first case of H1N1 flu virus was detected in a French tourist. The Ministry Of Health has provided officers for this specific duty. Health surveillance Officers are responsible to contact every incoming passengers in order to know their health condition on arrival to Mauritius. The hotel management plays an important role as they need to report any kind of communicable diseases occuring in their residence (MOH Health, 2009). The Ministry Of Health has a list of infectious and communicable diseases that are controlled closely as shown in (Appendix 4). CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY Methodology A survey was carried out and two questionnaires were designed where one was for personal view and opinion about the working place and food handlers and the second, to assess the workers and their knowledge to food hygiene.50 hotel in all were chosen throughout Mauritius. Random selection will give a broader view of hygiene in hotels around the island. List of hotel was obtained from the Tourism Authority at Port-Louis and some details obtained at the Municipality and Health offices. The Questionnaires Questionnaire for Personal View of Foodhandlers, Checklist for Kitchen and environment (room, garden, Swimming pool). (Appendix 6) Questionnaire for personal hygiene for the workers (Appendix 7) The questionnaire (Appendix 6) is a checklist concerning the number of workers, personal hygiene at sight, state of preparation area and toilet in the hotel kitchen. The workers who were pointed were mainly cooks, waiters and maids who work in hotel restaurant. A walkthrough was done where access was granted by the management in the kitchen to assess the level of hygiene of the workers and to inspect if they practice personal hygiene. The toilets were also seen and mess rooms. The second part of the questionnaire was dedicated for rooms and the environment such as garden. Points that were observed during the walkthrough inspection were: No of Personnel Sanitary conditions Water availability Lighting Ventilation Refuse disposal Toilets and bathrooms The second questionnaire was designed for food handlers to assess their knowledge about hygienic practices and food poisoning. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS Results and Findings Possession of food handlers certificate among workers General personal hygiene among workers The below bar chart shows the general personal hygiene maintained among workers at work and it can be concluded that 98% of them keep their hands clean, 94% keep their fingernails clean, 75% have their hair covered, 100% keep their body clean. But it could also be observed that only 25% of them keep their overall clean and 13% of them had nail varnish. Wall conditions of kitchens The wall conditions of the kitchens were surveyed and was found to have the following structures ; 82% of them are waterproof, 88% can be observed to be clean, 93% are washable, 82% are without crevices, 94% are painted white and 86% of them are tiled up to 2 meters from floor. Ventilation From figure 6, it can be seen that 83% of the hotels had adopted a good ventilation system using air conditioner for ease of workers while 17% of them did not have appropriate ventilation system. Lighting Figure 7 describes the lighting condition in the preparation area. 78% of the hotels were seen to provide a good lighting system for the workers and 22% had lighting system not satisfactory. Provision for refuse disposal Refuse disposal availability was surveyed and was found that 50% had foot operated pedal bins,70% of the garbage bins were cleaned and disinfected regularly,75% had their bins covered while 95% removed them daily. Room management Room conditions were observed to be at 72% satisfactory. 28% was seen to have a bad room management. Frequency of changing Blanket on bed From Fig 10. it can be observed that 80% of hotels changes bed blanket regularly,5% on a weekly basis and 15% when it seems necessary to do so that is when seen dirty. Bathroom and toilets sanitary conditions From the result obtained during the survey, it has been found that toilets and bathrooms in rooms are at 70% and 75% clean respectively. . Detergents Distribution The figure below gives detail of the type of detergents commonly used in hotels for sanitizing and cleaning purposes and their percentage used. Knowledge of food poisoning During the survey it was observed that only 40% of workers interviewed had a satisfactory knowledge of food poisoning and answered yes to the question whereas the other part could not give explanation food poisoning. Validity of food handlers certificate Professional training by employer From the survey carried out among workers, it was found that among the 70% of workers who were in possession of a food handlers certificate, only 55% of them were valid while 15% of them were not. Concerning professional training, it was observed that 40% of hotels give professional training to their workers when employing.In most cases (60%) employees do not provide professional training to their workers. They benefit only from the workshop by the Ministry of Health for the food handler Certificate. Ceilings conditions, state of floor in kitchens, housekeeping From the survey carried out evaluating ceiling conditions, it can be deduced that 4% of them are dusty, 4% are moldy, cracks can be found on 7% of them and 2% can be seen with falling paints. It was observed that in kitchen, most of the floors were tiled (84%) and 16% of them were in concrete. 95% of the hotels kitchen have smooth and clean floor. Housekeeping rate was observed to be at 70% satisfactory in the hotels surveyed. Importance of hand washing 100% of workers agreed to the fact that washing hands is an important factor to maintain during work but within these percentage, only 20% could give satisfactory respond about how to wash hands properly. CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION Hotels harbor each year over thousands of clients coming from various social backgrounds. They must be prone to certain diseases or have certain health complications. According to regulations, hotels are supposed to provide and maintain a good general sanitation which shall ensure that all such aspects are taken care of. Hotels shall not be breeding grounds to such sanitary problems. With such aim, this current study has been overtaken. Hygiene is important to consider in places where there are crowds. Hotels are normally crowded all the year. Therefore a high level of hygiene is a must. Hotels must conform to all legislations and standards. During the survey it was observed that during summer, hotels are more visited. According to law governing sale of food in Mauritius, every person engaged in the sale, preparation, manufacture, serving, packing, cooking, handling or delivery of any food for the sale of human consumption shall have in his possession a valid food handlers certificate. However it has been observed that only 70% of workers working in hotels possessed food handler certificate but the validity was only to 55%. This may pose a serious health problem as such regulations have been placed to ensure maximal hygienic conditions regarding sale and other process. From the results obtained in figure 4, it has been observed that general personal hygiene among workers was satisfactory. On the overall, hands, fingernails, body and clothing were kept clean. It was found that only 65% of workers used white overall while 35% did not. 25% was observed that their overalls were dirty and not washed regularly. Such an attitude may pose a health problem and a vector of food poisoning. Fingernails may harbor pathogenic bacteria coming from faecal material after defaecating hence affecting the quality of food being processed. However, on the overall, most of workers involved in food processing seemed to be aware of such practices (Food code, 1999). The kitchen space plays a vital role in the prevention of infection. Safe food preparation and cleanliness and storage practices are critical factors to considerate. The wall, ceiling conditions and state of floor is very important and should be well maintained. As a general rule, cleaning of such places should be done everyday. During the survey it was observed that wall condition was satisfactory in most of the hotels visited. Kitchen floors were tiled in 84% of hotels and 16% was observed to be in smooth concrete. The sanitary condition was satisfactory as at sight it was seen to be well clean. Though a minority of hotels seemed to have a below average good satisfaction result, on the overall most of hotels agreed to protocol. Rooms and kitchen areas should be well clean. The frequency of cleaning food preparation premises, surfaces and equipment will depend on the extent of use in a given period of time. As a general rule, utensils, equipment and immediate working areas should be cleaned after each use. Premises should be meticulously cleaned at least once daily. Methodically with spot cleaning as, required to maintain a safe and hygienic environment. Rooms are to be cleaned daily and the frequency of changing blanket on bed is very important. Toilets and bathrooms should be washed and disinfected daily. In overall, housekeeping was observed to be efficient at 70%. The remaining 30%; did not appear to be disastrous, but the staff involved seemed to be unaware about importance of such practices. According to OSHA 2005, Part IV, Section 37 and 38, provision has been made for welfare of all workers. There should be proper lighting and ventilation. It states that effective and suitable provision shall be made for securing and maintaining the adequate ventilation of every workroom by the circulation of fresh or artificially purified air of suitable temperature and concerning lighting it states that effective provision shall be made for securing and maintaining sufficient and suitable lighting, whether natural or artificial, in every part of a place of work in which persons are working or passing. Referring to Fig 6 and Fig 7, it was observed that 83% of hotel adopted a good ventilation system and 78% had a good lighting system. These two factors are considered to be very important in food preparation area. If not respected closely it may pose serious problems as lack of good lighting system may cause vision problem allowing foreign matter to fall into food. Ventilation allows circulation of clean air thus reducing the risk of any airborne contamination. It controls temperature, odours that can affect food suitability and control humidity to ensure foof safety (OSHA, 2005). Hotels were observed to follow such guidelines on most of cases. Waste management, provisions has been made in the Food Regulations 1999. It states that the licensee of any food premises shall ensure that there are on the premises adequate impervious garbage receptacles with close fitting lid and where appropriate, foot-operated pedal refuse receptacles are to be provided and all food refuse and garbage are placed in garbage receptacles which are removed from the premises as often as necessary and at least daily. In the current study, such practices have been maintained and there is ensuring of proper adherence to such protocols. Thus risk of contamination should be low. It was observed that every worker agreed to the fact that washing hands is important but the majority was unable to give satisfactory explanation of the right way of washing hands. Effective hand washing is important as hands can be a source of contamination. It is important that handwashing is done in a separate sink and not in food preparation sink since this may cause contamination of food preparation sink and food (Food code, 1999). Result of our study indicates a good level of perception of such hygienic habits According to survey,40% of the workers interviewed had satisfactory responses concerning food poisoning. This may pose a problem as mishandling or carelessness may lead to food contamination. As a result, it is obvious that management of these hotels do not provide additional training to the food handlers. Lack of awareness may lead to food poisoning, thus hotel reputation may be affected. CONCLUSION It is incontestable that the hotel industry is becoming an important business in Mauritius for our economy. More care should therefore be addressed to this sector to ensure satisfaction of the customers and to avoid any health outbreak. it is inevitable to eliminate all hazards or to become 100% efficient, but however it is not impossible to promote a good degree of hygiene in our hotels. Trained personnel should be employed or professional training should be delivered to all workers from time to time to promote the importance of a good sanitary hygiene. Some hotels are not following hygienic conditions perfectly as recommended in the law and if this continues in the same trend, later or sooner, its adverse effect will be felt. Poor food handling practices, carelessness, lack of professionalism and adequate education on the part of staffs will lead to diseases outbreaks. Hotels need to follow hygienic conditions closely. Sanitary authority shall effect more regular inspections to ensure safety. RECOMMENDATIONS Regular site visits should be conducted by sanitary authorities or surprise check up should be done to ensure safety. Surprise checking may in reducing or eliminating the careless behaviours of staffs during work. Professional training should be made available to foodhandlers and also to house keeping staffs to ensure safety. Refreshing training should also be done, at least once every year. This will help to promote awareness in workers. Medical certificate is a must. Every worker should possess a valid food hander certificate. The management should ensure that the person he is recruiting is in good health. Management should take the responsibility for all renewal of medical certificate to ensure safety. Personal hygiene of foodhandlers should be assessed regularly either by management or sanitary officers to ensure that the workers are abiding to all rules and regulations in the law to avoid food contamination. Sanitary conditions of walls, ceilings and floors should be maintained regularly. Vacuum cleaner may be used for cleaning as it is less time consuming. Cleaning and disinfection of sanitary facilities should be done regularly. It is important to show the workers how to wash their hands properly. Separate wash basins with soap and warm water should be made available for all foodhandlers. New technologies should be used, elbow or knee operated taps are easily available nowadays. It must be a priority to provide every food preparation premises with proper refuse disposal system. Foot operated receptacles should replace all other type of bins to ensure safety in kitchen. All rooms should be cleaned and sanitized regularly. Bathrooms and toilets should be washed and disinfected at least twice weekly and not only when it seems necessary. All bed linens should be changed and washed daily. Pillowcases, sheets and blankets are important to be changed daily as different guests come daily in a hotel. Limitations The questionnaires were set in English but for many workers it had to be translated in creole while interviewing them. The hotels are scattered all round the island and therefore it was time consuming to go to every hotel. Therefore not all were visited but known workers from these hotels volunteered to give the details required. Not every hotel was accessible as some did not want to give information knowing the aim of the project. Therefore for acquiring good statistical values and quality of result for the data collection at the hotels above mentioned, several steps were followed after experiencing different type of contact from each hotel. The methods are described below: Interview of the manager, owner or responsible party Workers were interviewed by use of the questionnaires Oral interview was done for workers not understanding English Inspection was done where management agreed to give access to the toilet, kitchen and gardens. Finally some customers were also asked some questions.

Factors influence an individual’s self-concept Free Essays

Abstract Self-concept is usually defined, in a generic sense, as the set of images, thoughts and feelings that an individual has of himself/herself. Most authors interpret self-concept as a series of attitudes towards the self, globally integrated by three factors: cognitive, behavioral and affective. Self-concept includes assessments of all parameters that are relevant to an individual’s development: from physical appearance to social and intellectual capacities. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors influence an individual’s self-concept? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will look at some factors that influence the development of an individual’s self-concept: age, gender, education, media and culture. Self-concept and factors of influence Robert B. Burns (1979) interprets self-concept as a conceptualization that the individual made of her/his own self, being elaborated by powerful emotional and evaluative connotations. Moreover, the subjective beliefs and factual knowledge that the individual attributes to himself/herself are highly personal and intense, varying thereby in degrees to its unique identity. With regard to self-esteem, Burns describe it as the process by which the individual examines his actions, skills and attributes compared to criteria and values that are internalized from society and significant others. However, self-esteem and self-concept are usually considered as interchangeable notions (Byrne, 1996; Harter, 1999). In general terms, it can be distinguished three main characteristic of an individual’s self concept (Bracken, 1996): It is not innate: The individual’s self concept is constantly being formed by experience. Moreover, it also depends on the symbolic language. It is an organized whole: The individual tend to ignore perceived variables that are not adjusted to his/her conceptual whole, conforming thereby his/her own hierarchy of assessments. It is dynamic: It can be modified by a reinterpretation of the own personality or external judgments. Self-concept includes all the parameters that are considered relevant by an individual: from physical appearance to sexual capacities, social and intellectual abilities, age, media, culture, appliance, education, gender, income, environment, etc. Outline of factors that can influence the development of an individual’s self concept As a dynamic attribute, an individual’s self concept is characterized by being in a constant feedback (positive or negative) with the social environment, in which the opinions and assessments of the persons we establish intimate relations with (family, couple, friends), are determinant factors. From the various factors that influence an individual’s self-concept, the focus will be directed towards the following: Age: Self-concept changes during the individual’s life span, being its maximum peak of permeability from seven to twelve years old. It then begins to be formed during childhood and starts to decrease at adolescence. Gender: Although it exists considerable studies about gender differences in self-concept, it seems that there are no conclusive results regarding this issue. Overall, the study of gender differences in self-concept in adolescence has generated considerable interest in recent decades. Despite the fact that the results of these studies are varied, most of them conclude that there are clear gender differences in self-concept, so that girls, particularly after the age of twelve, tend to have worse self-concept than boys. Thus, according to research, age acts as a moderating variable of the differences between girls and boys (Orenstein, 1995). Education: Education is a vital feature for interpersonal development. Academic achievements in the school as well as parental guiding and social interaction, are factors conforming the individual’s self-concept. Media: In contemporary society, the media is a vital factor of influence in the development of individual’s self-concept. Perhaps the most relevant of its effects is on the conception of the body image. In this respect, advertising and marketing has been producing and reproducing a dissociation between ‘ideal body image’ and ‘real body image’. Such dissociation might have pathological effects on individuals (i.e; from eating disorders to anxiety and depression). Culture: Majority of the studies focus on the divergence between Western culture, characterized by a more dependent auto-conception of the self, and Asian culture, in which interdependence stands as the fundamental factor in the development of self-concept. Description of the factors that can influence the development of an individual’s self-concept AGE The definition of oneself from 5-6 to 7-8 years provides an ability to discriminate between different domains of experience. Between 7-8 years and 11-12, there are significant changes in regard to intellectual abilities and social environment, having remarkable implications for both self-concept and self-esteem. During this range of age, children have the ability to compare themselves to others, but the information extracted from such comparisons is just in service of self-evaluation (Byrne, 1996). At the end of childhood, there is an increase in the permeability to social values, so the prototypes of each culture become another valuable source of comparison, which, in most cases, contribute to the discrepancy between the ‘real self’ and ‘ideal self’ (Harter, 1999). GENDER According to current research, age acts as a moderating variable of the differences in girls and boys. In this respect, there are empirical evidence showing that girls have a positive perception of themselves during primary education and yet around twelve, it is produced a decrease in self-confidence and acceptance of body image (Orenstein, 1995). The role of women in society may be among the factors behind this decline in female self-esteem. Thus, the observation of what happens in their surroundings, take the girls to infer that their social role is secondary to that played by men. By contrast, Crain (1996) insists that it is indispensable to remember that the gap between boys and girls about the different facets of self-concept is not exceedingly large, and thus such theories have a limited clinical and educational significance. Girls and boys are more alike than different, and the divergence between male and female are fairly consistent with gender stereotypes. EDUCATION Fundamentally within the field of Educational Psychology, there has been a constant preoccupation regarding the links between self-concept and academic performance. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating the precise nature of the relationship between both variables (Marsh and Seeshing, 1997). What it is clear about the role of education in the development of an individual’s self-concept is that it not only intervenes the relationship teacher-pupil, but also the rest of professionals within the educational system. Importantly, since education does not end in the school, family is key for a positive development of self-concept. MEDIA The media has been played a fundamental role in how individuals perceive themselves. Importantly, marketing and advertising have been contributed to a general attitude of compulsive consumption as well as to the creation of an ideal body image as a way to personal and professional success. Such strong pressure from the media about unattainable aesthetic models has as its immediate result an increase of personal dissatisfaction along with a rise in metal pathologies, such as depression, anxiety or eating disorders (Cash, 2011). However, research shows that subjects with a positive self-concept are less vulnerable to the influence of the media than those with a lower self-esteem CULTURE Majority of research on cultural differences in self-concept is focused on the comparison between Asian and Western culture. The former, collectivistic and vertical societies (high power distance), report higher belief in cognitive-behavioral consistency, share more belief related to dependent affiliation, but also agree more with belief related to achievement, self-direction and distinctiveness motivation (Smith and Bond, 1998). By contrast, subjects from Western culture, vertical individualistic societies, report higher agreement with need for uniqueness and higher level of behavioral flexibility. Some authors state that such characteristics of individuals from Western culture are due to a higher importance of positive self-representation (Worchel et al, 1998) Conclusion An individual’s self-concept undergoes notable changes during development, evolving from a structure in which diverse dominions of experience are distinguished to another stage in which the fundamental aspects are integration and high-level abstractions. In summary, the development of the self-concept during the life span of an individual is subjected to multiple factors of influence. References Ashmore, R., y Jussim, L. (1997). Self and identity. Fundamental issues. New York: Oxford University. Bracken, B. (1996). Handbook of self-concept. New York: John Wiley y Sons. Burns, R. B. (1979). The self-concept: Theory, measurement, development and behavior. New York: Logman. Byrne, B. M. (1996). Measuring self-concept across the life span: Issues and instrumentation. Washington, DC: American Psychologist Association. Cash, T. F. (Ed.). (2011). Body image: A handbook of science, practice and prevention. New York: The Guilford Press. Crain, M. (1996). The influence of age, race and gender on child and adolescent self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept. (pp. 395-420). New York: Wiley. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: The Guilford Press. Marsh, H. W., Seeshing, A. (1997). Causal effects of academic self-concept on academic achievement: Structural equation of longitudinal data. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 439-456. Orenstein, P. (1995). School girls: Young women, self-esteem and the confidence gap. New York: Anchor. Smith, P. B. Bond, M. H. (1998). Social Psychology across cultures (2nd ed.). London: Prentice Hall Europe. Worchel, S. Morales, J.F., Paez, D. Deschamps, J-C. (1998). Social identity. International perspectives. London: Sage. How to cite Factors influence an individual’s self-concept?, Essay examples

Private vs Public free essay sample

Most parents these days find themselves asking the question which school would be better for their children private or public school. Their decision leans on which one provides the higher quality or standard of learning for students. There is also the factor which school would help their child become more well rounded . While public and private school both provide an education private school has more motivation in students, an appropriate learning environment, and a more narrow focus. The students that go to private school are completely motivated. the students that go to private school go because they want to learn. Then again maybe because they may not know a difference if they have gone to private school all their life. The work in private school is harder , and pushes students to be the best they can be so they can reach their full potential. The students that go to private school don’t have as many distractions so they are naturally more motivated to focus on school. We will write a custom essay sample on Private vs Public or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Private school has a superior environment for one reason because its classes are smaller. Smaller classes mean more one on one time with the teacher, less distractions and more focus on school work. The environment also has a decreased amount of bullies and problem children due to stricter rules punishment, and less leniency. That in turns goes back to being able to focus on school work, and not on problems. With private school there is a more narrow focus seeing as they are not very big on extra curricular activities. Private schools main focus is on school with few distractions. Public school has a wider variety of activities and clubs which can help students grow and be good at something other than school. Not having as many distractions helps with more learning, but more activities let’s you express yourself and not only become book smart but street smart as well. when seeing what private and public school have to offer the choice is clear that private school is the superior choice. While public school has more activities and freedom to express yourself the whole point of going to school is to learn. That’s why private school is fitter for that job because it has a more narrow focus. Private school also has a environment that makes it easier for learning and less problems among students. The students that go to private school are pushed to be the best they can be so they have stronger motivation. While public school has many points that private school does not private school overall has more positives and less negatives than public school and has a greater learning environment for the students to excel.

Abortion †It Is More Than a Choice

Abortion – It Is More Than a Choice Free Online Research Papers Abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. This definition doesn’t sound to bad does it? But in all reality abortion is killing a human being and there is no way it can fight back. Most people would say that an embryo or a fetus isn’t a human being, but it is. People hind behind the facts and try and say that abortion is a procedure and that they aren’t killing a person because it isn’t fully grown yet. In all reality the fact is that it is a human and by having an abortion you are murdering your own flesh and blood. How does that sound, killing your own kid just because it may not have of been planned or that you were rapped. There are other ways to get rid of the child like giving it up for adoption but a lot of people don’t think about the child that they are killing they are only thinking about themselves. When you think of abortion what do you think? Are you wondering why the person is aborting there child or do you even think or care that they are at all. Well, let’s examine why a person would have to have an abortion in the first place. Is there really a good reason for having an abortion? Some people say that the kid was unexpected and that they will not be able to care for the child, the response to this is why don’t they just have the kid and then give it up for adoption? It isn’t the child’s fault that you aren’t ready to have kids so why punish them? Other people say that the child is a result of being rapped and that having the kid and seeing it will remind them to much of the horrible event. To this you could say the same response why not just give it up for adoption? When you look at abortion are you even caring about what the child has to offer or are you only thinking about how it is going to affect you? When you think about it abortion is a selfish way to just get out of having to deal with having a child or figure out what to do with the kid. Abortion isn’t a way to get out of having the responsibility of dealing with the pregnancy. It is just a cheap escape with dealing with it. Have some guts and think about what you are doing before you do something as drastic as killing your child. Abortion is also very emotional for a lot of the people who have to go through it or are forced to go through it. You shouldn’t make some one go through something as big as an abortion because if it isn’t your body then it isn’t for you to decide. Abortion is a big step for people but some people just use it as an escape. Like when parents make there kids get an abortion because they think it is for there best good. In all reality when that person grows up it can be a very emotional thing for them and it can actually make a big problem for them in there life. Abortion is a big problem in this time period with people thinking that it is a way to get out of dealing with your problems. When you think about how many problems that abortion can create it isn’t worth it to do. Abortion isn’t worth the entire heart ache because of something that you feel needs taken care of right now. People do drastic things, but if they would just take the time and actually examine what the heck you are doing then they might not have to go through with it. Research Papers on Abortion - It Is More Than a ChoicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and Autumn

Chart of Common Charges of Chemical Elements

Chart of Common Charges of Chemical Elements This is a chart of the most  common charges for atoms of the chemical elements. You can use this chart to predict whether or not an atom can bond with another atom. The charge on an atom is related to its valence electrons or oxidation state. An atom of an element is most stable when its outer electron shell is completely filled or half-filled. The most common charges are based on maximum stability for the atom. However, other charges are possible. For example, hydrogen sometimes has a charge of zero or (less commonly) -1. Although noble gas atoms almost always carry a charge of zero, these elements do form compounds, which means they can gain or lose electrons and carry a charge. Table of Common Element Charges Number Element Charge 1 hydrogen 1+ 2 helium 0 3 lithium 1+ 4 beryllium 2+ 5 boron 3-, 3+ 6 carbon 4+ 7 nitrogen 3- 8 oxygen 2- 9 fluorine 1- 10 neon 0 11 sodium 1+ 12 magnesium 2+ 13 aluminum 3+ 14 silicon 4+, 4- 15 phosphorus 5+, 3+, 3- 16 sulfur 2-, 2+, 4+, 6+ 17 chlorine 1- 18 argon 0 19 potassium 1+ 20 calcium 2+ 21 scandium 3+ 22 titanium 4+, 3+ 23 vanadium 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+ 24 chromium 2+, 3+, 6+ 25 manganese 2+, 4+, 7+ 26 iron 2+, 3+ 27 cobalt 2+, 3+ 28 nickel 2+ 29 copper 1+, 2+ 30 zinc 2+ 31 gallium 3+ 32 germanium 4-, 2+, 4+ 33 arsenic 3-, 3+, 5+ 34 selenium 2-, 4+, 6+ 35 bromine 1-, 1+, 5+ 36 krypton 0 37 rubidium 1+ 38 strontium 2+ 39 yttrium 3+ 40 zirconium 4+ 41 niobium 3+, 5+ 42 molybdenum 3+, 6+ 43 technetium 6+ 44 ruthenium 3+, 4+, 8+ 45 rhodium 4+ 46 palladium 2+, 4+ 47 silver 1+ 48 cadmium 2+ 49 indium 3+ 50 tin 2+, 4+ 51 antimony 3-, 3+, 5+ 52 tellurium 2-, 4+, 6+ 53 iodine 1- 54 xenon 0 55 cesium 1+ 56 barium 2+ 57 lanthanum 3+ 58 cerium 3+, 4+ 59 praseodymium 3+ 60 neodymium 3+, 4+ 61 promethium 3+ 62 samarium 3+ 63 europium 3+ 64 gadolinium 3+ 65 terbium 3+, 4+ 66 dysprosium 3+ 67 holmium 3+ 68 erbium 3+ 69 thulium 3+ 70 ytterbium 3+ 71 lutetium 3+ 72 hafnium 4+ 73 tantalum 5+ 74 tungsten 6+ 75 rhenium 2+, 4+, 6+, 7+ 76 osmium 3+, 4+, 6+, 8+ 77 iridium 3+, 4+, 6+ 78 platinum 2+, 4+, 6+ 79 gold 1+, 2+, 3+ 80 mercury 1+, 2+ 81 thallium 1+, 3+ 82 lead 2+, 4+ 83 bismuth 3+ 84 polonium 2+, 4+ 85 astatine ? 86 radon 0 87 francium ? 88 radium 2+ 89 actinium 3+ 90 thorium 4+ 91 protactinium 5+ 92 uranium 3+, 4+, 6+

Information mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Information mangment - Essay Example The system also works towards shifting the workload from any single local computer system, to a cloud of many other computers that are interconnected to the system, which also functions like the computer in the main organization, through a web-based service that allows the local computers to run the programs of the organization such as the e-mail as well as other complex data of the organization (Furht & Escalante, 2010 p22). Social media Social media is a form of cloud computing, since it entails the use of data and resources of a single organization by different end users, who are situated in different parts of the world, through the internet (Morley & Parker, 19). Social media qualifies as a form of cloud computing, since it allows various end users to use the software and data of a single organization, to connect with the organization and with other end users, using their local computers and other internet-connecting devices, from all over the world. Social media is a form of clo ud computing because it entails many people connected to the social network through the internet, but operating from different regions. ... f cloud computing to large organizations that cannot be obtained by the small organizations is that the large organizations and the SMEs can use the same resources, but the large organization will benefit more, since it will spread the accessibility of the similar resources to many of its stakeholders, while the SMEs have few stakeholders to share with. Thus cloud computing offers the cost redaction benefit more to the large organizations, more than to the SMEs. Challenges for SMEs vis-a-vis big organisations The challenge is similar however, since Companies with different sizes (big, medium and small companies) face similar problems when it comes to the application of social media as a form of cloud computing, since their employees are using the existing computing resources owned by the companies, to connect and communicate with their relations, at the expense of applying such organizational resources productively (Morley & Parker, 19). The difference in the challenges between the l arge organization and the SMEs is that the large organizations have the ability to acquire and use the cloud computing technology, more than the SMEs. Differentiating between the three kinds of cloud computing Cloud computing platform is the main podium through which developers write the applications that runs the cloud (Furht & Escalante, 2010 p28). The cloud computing platform is the way through which the applications on the site of an organization are supported. On the other hand, cloud computing infrastructure refers to the interconnection of the resources that are applied to make the applications and the services possible for the end users, who uses an organizations data and software. Such infrastructure is made up of components such as operation support equipments, hardware, servers

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion question - Coursework Example Thus, it can be affirmed that this test is appropriate to use while measuring the efficiency of distinct variables that remain present within a study. Similarly, an example of non-parametric test is reckoned to be ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’, which is applied to evaluate three or beyond samples. These tests can be used in the presence of a single nominal and measurement variable and are executed upon ranked data (Hecke, 2010). Investigators ought to make certain basic assumptions to conduct ANOVA. In this regard, the values of errors must be considered as zero with assuming the errors as independent. In this similar context, certain assumptions must also be adhered by the investigators while running ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’. An ordinal scale must be used to assess the two variables. The independent variables must inculcate in excess of two independent groups (Hecke, 2010). The data analysis plan involves a number of steps. These include identifying the research problems, specifying assumptions and drawing references. Specially mentioning, to address the study hypothesis, one can make greater use of ‘multiple t-tests’. By considering the fact that the study hypothesis is based on nursing criteria, one of the measures relating to central tendency i.e. ‘mode’ will be reported for demographic variables. This will aid in measuring all the frequencies of the collected values, making the study hypothesis quite reliable and justified (METU,

Chemistry Essays Saline & Fluids in the Body

Chemistry Essays Saline & Fluids in the Body Saline and Fluids Using saline as an example, outline the importance of solutions in the body and what is the concentration of normal saline and how the concentration of saline is controlled in the body and what effects on the cells an increase in saline concentration would have. Our bodies are fifty tosixty percent water, which therefore makes water an essential fluid for ourbodies. The main transporting agent in our body is the cells, and solutions arenecessary to execute functions such as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical balance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Circulation of blood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transporting nutrients to the cells   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elimination of waste   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  respiration The main component ofthe blood, perspiration, saliva, mucus, lymphatic fluids and digestive juicesis water. The function of water also ensures the lubrication of the joints,that the muscles, skin, and organs is moisturized. The temperature of the bodyis also aided by water. Two thirds of water is situatedwithin the cells intracellular, and one third of water is found in the sitesbetween the cells interstitial and in the blood plasma. The composition ofsolutes in the intracellular and extracellular water can vary. A highconcentration of potassium ions is found in the intracellular cells, and a highconcentration of sodium and chloride ion is found in the extracellular cells. It is precarious to thesurvival of the human body that the accurate balance of fluids and salts ismaintained and the right pH acid balance. If the body loses fluids and salts,then dehydration can occur, and this can cause the concentration of salts toalter causing electrolyte imbalance. One of the mostimportant solutions in the body is saline, which is a solution consisting ofsodium chloride and distilled water. Salt plays a perilous function in the accurateoperation of the human body, as well as all other forms of life. The averageperson contains about eight ounces of salt, which facilitates muscles to contract,digestion to occur, the floe of blood, wounds to repair and fluids to beproperly regulated. A litre of isotonic or normal (0.9%) saline contains 154mmol of NaCI, comparable to 9 g of salt or 3.6 g of sodium. The regulation of salineand water equilibrium in the body is an example of homeostasis. Homeostasis isthe preservation of balance, or constant conditions, in a biological organismby means of habitual mechanisms that neutralize influences tending towarddisequilibrium. The correct composition of extracellular fluids and watercontent in the body is maintained by the important role played by the kidneys. Osmolarityis the amount of particles dissolved in a certain volume of fluid. Theosmolarity of fluid can be altered by the volume of fluid or by the quantity ofsolute molecules. In the duration of a day, the kidneys will manage 180 litersof blood, and will produce 1.5 liters of urine. The volume of water excreted bythe kidney is regulated by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH: also referred toas vasopressin; diuresis means water loss and is therefore referred to as awater loss hormone. If the concentration offluid in the body drops below normal, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamuswill recognize the resulting increase in osmolarity. ADH will be released bythe hypothalamus, in response to the change in osmolarity. The amount of fluidvolume lost must be replaced by drinking additional fluid, thus ensuring thatosmolarity returns to equilibrium and recovering the fluid loss. If the concentration offluid in the body increases above normal, this will also modify the osmolarityof the circulating fluids. The decrease in osmolarity is regulated by thehypothalamus, which stops producing ADH. In the absence of ADH, the kidney permitsfluid loss from the body. The kidney consists of numerous nephrons in which itfilters solutions, and then selectively reabsorbs or secretes different plasmacomponents. The entire composition of the nutrient molecules and most of thewater will be reabsorbed, and returned to the bloodstream. The major extracellularsalt is NaCl. The levels of osmolarity of the circulating body fluids aredetermined by the sodium and the chloride content. The kidney establishes theconcentration of Na+ loss from the body (Cl or anadditional anion will proceed Na+, so if Na+ levels aremonitored anion levels counteract automatically). If there is inadequate Na+inside the body, this will be identified by the kidney, which commences acomplex series of events, established as the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone pathway.In response to a decreased concentration of Na+, the kidney dischargesrenin into the blood. Renin acts on a plasma protein, angiotensinogen changingit into angiotensin I Angiotensin I is asubstrate for a changing enzyme, found widely in the lungs, which changes itinto angiotensin II. Angiotensin II has remarkable biological activity, causingthe release of aldosterone acting on the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is ahormone that operates on the kidney to inhibit Na+ loss from thebody. Inversely, should there be an excess of Na+ in the body, adecrease in renin discharge will lead to a deterioration in the aldosterone concentrationsand an increase in Na+ deficiency in the urine. Variation in the Na+concentration is a protracted process than that of circulating fluid levels andmay require hours to days for completion. The obstacle between theextra and intra cellular compartments is known as the cell membrane. Watercan occur liberally through biological membranes but many solutes cannot. Whenone section has a larger concentration of solutes, the direction of the flow ofwater is from the section with the depleted concentration to the section withthe larger concentration. This process is known as osmosis. Osmosis is the migrationof water from an area of high water concentration through a semi-permeablemembrane to a region of low water concentration. In a hypotonic solutionof saline, the concentration of the solute molecules outside the cells is lowerthan that the concentration of solutes inside the cell. This in turn willenable the water to diffuse into the cell, until equilibrium is established.This flow of water into the cell causes the cell to swell. References 1. Stryer, L.Biochemistry (4th Edition). Freeman, New York. 2000 2. Campbell,M.K. Biochemistry, (2nd Edition) Saunders College Publishing, 1995 3. Parsons, R.GCSE Double Science: Biology Revision Guide Higher (GCSE Double Science)Coordination Group Publications (2001) 4. Clancy, J.McVicar, A, Baird, N. Perioperative Practice: Fundamentals of HomeostasisRoutledge, an imprint of Taylor Francis Books Limited (2002) 5. Revise ASBiology (Revise AS Study Guide S.) Letts Educational Ltd (2004) 6. Chiras, D.Human Biology: Health, Homeostasis and the Environment Jones and BartlettPublishers International (1994)

The renal system

The renal system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. (virtual medical center 2006) It consists of all the organs responsible for the formation and release of urine. The kidneys perform vital functions like getting rid of waste through the excretion of urine. It regulates the amount of water in the body and allows filtration of sodium and chlorides. (virtual medical center 2006) It maintains the volume and composition of body fluid. (renal system 2006) The kidneys are â€Å"bean-shaped organ located in the lower part o the belly, situated in the posterior wall of the abdomen. (renal system 2006)The left kidney is slightly higher than the right in the abdomen to allow for the liver. (renal system 2006) There are two distinct regions of the kidney; medulla and cortex. The blood supply is taken directly from the aorta thru renal arteries and returned to the inferior vena cava thru renal veins. (renal system 2006) The nephron is the unit of the kidney that acts and respon sible for ultrafiltration and excretion of the waste products. (renal system 2006) Urine, the filtered waste material, will be passed down the ureters and collects in the bladder. (renal system)The ureters are tubes lined with smooth muscle. The 25-30cm long tubes help carry the urine through the bladder. The urine will be forced forward with the help of the muscular tissue. (virtual medical center 2006) Then the urethral sphincter at the base of the bladder relaxes, the detrusor contracts, and urine is negated thru the urethra. (renal system 2006)The bladder is located in our pelvis and pyramidal in shaped. It stores the urine and releases it into a tube which extracted the urine out of the body. (virtual medical center 2006) It can normally hold up to 500mls of urine. It has three openings which includes two for the ureters and one for the urethra. (virtual medical center 2006) The main muscle of the bladder is called detrusor that contracts to allow the urine to flow. The nervous control of the bladder that sends signal and tell us that the bladder is full is located in the brain and spinal cord. (virtual medical center 2006) The blood supply of the bladder is from many blood vessels named vesical arteries, obturator, uterine, gluteal and vaginal arteries. (virtual renal system site)The tube that is located from the bladder neck to the top of the vaginal opening is the female urethra whereas, the male urethra is running from the bladder to the tip of the penis. Female urethra is more prone to infections from bacteria than male urethra due to it is shorter in size. (virtual medical center 2006) The blood vessels of the female urethra are the internal pudendal and vaginal arteries. The male urethra is supplied through inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries. (virtual renal system site)An acute renal failure is a disease of the kidneys and a common medical condition that complicates hospital and intensive care unit admissions. (virtual medical center 2006)    It occurs suddenly and initiated by primal causes like dehydration, infection, kidney injuries and chronic use of over the counter pain medications. (virtual medical center 2006) It is often reversible and with no lasting damage. In renal failure, kidneys are not functioning properly or not work at all. Kidneys are unable to filter waste, produce urine and imbalances fluids. The dysfunction of the kidneys results building up of toxins which produces complications. (Gunsch 2006)Renal failure symptoms include edema or the accumulation of fluid distinctive in swelling, decrease in urination, general ill feeling, exhaustion and headaches. (Gunsch 2006)Often, these symptoms were not experience by a person with renal failure. (Gunsch 2006) A person with renal failure can actually lead a normal life. The recovery of the patient with renal failure will be depending on the severity, treatment options and patient’s coping to the rigors of renal failure. But to some cases, dialysis and kidney transplant is needed. (Gunsch 2006) Management of the treatment includes general measures or monitors to prevent complications, treat precipitating cause, and can be treated with medications or may require dialysis.   (wirual medical center 2003)Mary is admitted to the ward with acute renal failure. She is very confused and anxious. She is accompanied by her husband and daughter. She has high blood pressure and a respiratory rate of 30. She also has low urine out put. Mary might have felt self pity and a burden to her family. In Roper et.al’s activities of living model (1918-2004), it stresses patient’s continual assessment, facilitation of normal activities of living and individualized care.It considers and respects the characteristics of a person prior to development. (Roper et.al 1918-2004) The â€Å"model of living† incorporates twelve activities that engaged a person whether sick or well. (Roper et.al 1918-2004) It includes maintaining a safe environment, breathing, communication, mobilizing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, maintaining body temperature, working and playing, sleeping, expressing sexuality and dying   Ã‚  (Roper et.al 1918-2004)To be able to provide care for Mary without making her feel as a burden or imbecile, she should be given the chance to have her individualism. Although she should be given special care and attention, she should be given a part to the treatment she is undergoing. Like if in case she needs to take her medicine, she should be the one to take it but her family or the attendants should also notify her the appointed time that it should be taken. Communication is highly regarded in this situation as well. Through having conversation with the patient not only shows that you care for her but also makes her feel that she is not disgusting.Mary should also be given assistance in personal cleansing, dressing and maintaining to have a good environment but not to a point that her personality will be injured. Her family should be involved in every activities or treatment that she is undergoing. Mary could have a certain activity every week that will detach her in always thinking about her sickness that makes her confused and anxious. Certain social activities or programs should be conducted or if in case having a new learning experience like training for dressmaking, cosmetology, or the likes that will be useful as well when she’ s already well. Death issues should also be planned so that she will have a pain free and dignified death wherever possible. Spiritual emphasis is also helpful for Mary to cope up with the situation. Lastly, she should also be treated and informed that her sickness could be cured and not malignant.REFERENCES:Answers.com retrieved 13 October 2006, Kidney, Available at: http://www.answers.com/renal%20systemGunsch, J. 2006, What is Renal Failure?, Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-renal-failure.ht mNorthern Care Homes Directory 28 August 2000, Hulton Care Nursing Home, Available at: http://www.nchd.co.uk/Middleton/hulton_care.htmRenal System retrieved 13 October 2006, Available at: http://www.le.ac.uk/pathology/teach/va/anatomy/case4/4_1.htmlRoper, Nancy, et.al 1918-2004, Activities of Living Model, Available at: http://www.nursingtheory.net/gt_alm.htmlVirtual Medical Center 28 March 2006, Anatomy & Physiology of the Renal System, Available at: http://www.virtualrenalcentre.com/anatomy.asp?sid=14Virtual Medical Center   9 October 2003,   Renal Failure – Acute, Available at: http://www.virtualrenalcentre.com/diseases.asp?did=205Wikipedia retrieved 13 October 2006, Kidney, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal

Find Out Who is Worried About Pdf College Essay Samples and Why You Should Care

Find Out Who is Worried About Pdf College Essay Samples and Why You Should Care The school you've been dreaming of for your entire life is only an essay away. If you're beginning to work on college essays, take a look at our article laying out each and every sort of essay prompt out there and a step-by-step guide to writing an excellent college essay. The shift would be quite hard to achieve, and would be an extremely long procedure, but I do believe it's possible, not just for my generation, but the upcoming several generations of students on the path to attend college. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each day on the best way to school would be filled-in. Stephen connects his previous experience to his present-day maturity through self-knowledge. College is the ideal place you will meet people because you've got a lot in common. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for every single student. Thus, it is not just the perfect place for me, it is the only place for me. Introduction essay paragraphs are central in any bit of writing for the reason they give readers advance details about the content and the intention behind the material. Other forms of essays are wholly discussed in the next section. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Writing an essay has to be stressful. What Does Pdf College Essay Samples Mean? Essays are your very best friend. Essays term papers dissertations and a lot more. You'll observe a similar structure in lots of the essays. In your essays, you may use unique approaches. Composing essays would most likely be the very last thing on your mind. Moreover, narrative essays are the most frequently made essays, which likewise tell a story. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might want to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay you will create. Writing a college essay can be a difficult undertaking, but nevertheless, it may also be exciting. College essay writing tips are generally focused on all the things you ought to do for an ideal essay. Writing a satisfactory and readable essay is something that everybody would like to attain. Furthermore, it's far better concentrate on new essays (not older than 10-15 years), and that means you are reading what has worked in the latest past, in place of seeing outdated suggestions and historical perspectives. The best regions to find the sources are from institutional sites. An essay outline is a set of ideas and ideas related to the subject issue. Hence, it's proper that you have to first make an outline on the key ideas you have in mind prior to going through the information. Argumentative essays are also called position papers due to their justification of the side of the issue they are written in support of. Make sure in any academic paperwork you do, never forget the significance of coherence, essay analysis of ideas, and finally, creativity. Essay writing skills is a hard and time-consuming endeavor. The Pdf College Essay Samples Game It's very beneficial to observe how the exact top students approach the college essay, provided that their very best effort neither intimidates nor stymies you. The majority of the mistakes students make on college applications are the result of carelessness. If you're going to consist of details that could directly hit the requirements of the school, then it is simple to get the approvalA that you have to be accepted for enrollment. When applying for jobs, in addition, it looks many more prestigious when it's shown that one attended a university instead of a community college. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. You want to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium so as to study the EU. Writing skills in college isn't restricted to essays.

Restructuring the pharmaceutical industry cross-borders - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2809 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Cross border restructuring of the Pharmaceutical industry There is no doubt that the pharmaceutical Industry has seen considerable changes to its structure over the past two decades. As this report the structural changes have not only been brought about by the internal forces that attract to the industry, but also because of the external forces imposed upon it by the increase in cross-border trade. The demands and increasing costs of research and development has seen manufacturers forming liaisons, via mergers and acquisitions, with RD companies as they seek to address the demand for new products, and replace those that are reaching the end of their patent period. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Restructuring the pharmaceutical industry cross-borders" essay for you Create order Globalisation has seen companies driven to merge with organisations in other countries, again by the route of mergers and acquisitions, as they seek to expand their market share out of their domestic location. The result of these moves has been a consolidation of the market into a much smaller number of competitors. As can be seen from this report, the formation of the EU, by the moves that it has made towards harmonisation, has accelerated this structural change within its member states, such as the UK, France and Italy. It is anticipated that the consolidation of the industry will continue for at least the next decade. Contents page Executive Summary Introduction Changes in industry Structure National Markets International Market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" European Union Conclusion The global pharmaceutical industry has grown significantly over the past two decades, in terms of the numbers and range of products manufactured and the consumer demand. At the s ame time, there have been considerable changes to the structure of the industry and the organisations within it. These changes have taken place within the individual organisations and have affected the way the industry has expanded on national, regionally and international basis. A combination of combination of internal and external factors has led to this restructuring. The objective of this report is to examine the factors that have brought about these changes and report upon the impact they have had on the industry. In view of the potential audience for this document and the constraints under which it is being prepared, the specifics of the examination has been limited to the industry as it exists within the regional European market and three of the member states, namely the UK, France and Italy. Pharmaceuticals are a product that incorporates a number of diverse component parts, including research and development, innovation, manufacture and marketing (Barral, 1996). It is an industry that responds to the demands of a specific consumer segment, which is healthcare. The industry is split into two distinct segments, which are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“prescribedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“over the counterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (OTC) drugs (Dominic, 2005). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Prescribedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  drugs can only be used or dispensed under the guidance of a medically qualified person or organisation, such as doctors, hospital staff or qualified pharmacists. Dependent upon the level of danger the drugs represent, there are varying levels of regulations and restrictions imposed. OTC drugs are more widely available and can now be purchased through numerous retail outlets, including high street stores and supermarkets. The expansion and restructuring of the Pharmaceutical industry over the past two decades has been driven by three main forces. New products The cost of developing new products in the pharmaceutical industry is extremely expensive. It is estimated the RD cost per product is around  £550 million (Dominic Fenn 2005). Unlike other products, drugs then have to undergo a series of stringent tests and there is no guarantee that they will be successfully launched onto the market. Therefore, the return on investment can be precarious. In addition, universities and other researchers have begun to recognise the value of their work and this has spawned numerous small commercial biotechnology organisations. Many of the larger manufacturers, such as Pfizer Inc., GlaxoSmithKline PLC, who were already involved in drug development, quickly recognised the need to foster associations in this area. Other organisations concentrated their efforts in more limited fields. The result is that, globally the industry has now become a mixture of large conglomerates and small specialist organisations. Increase in demand The success of the curative powers of drugs over the years, as promoted in the business marketing campaigns, has led to an increase in consumer awareness (J. Morrison, 2006). Therefore, the demand from the public for the development of new drug products to treat a wide range of illnesses and diseases increased. To address these issues, the pharmaceutical industry needed to secure capital investment. This could only effectively be achieved by assuring investors that the supply chain from research and development to manufacturer was sufficiently robust and able to resist the pitfalls of their particular products, namely the high risk of failure (Barrel 1996) Globalisation Following the evolution of the information era in the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the pharmaceutical industry has followed others in seeking to expand their markets beyond national borders, creating multi-national and transnational organisations. Whilst initially, this expansion was concentrated in developed countries, more recently, partially driven by international concerns, it has also expanded into the third world. However, such expansion has not been without its difficulties as a pest analysis reveals. Political and Legal structures An organisation that expands its business beyond its own domestic borders is faced with the problem of having to deal with a number of different political and legal structures (J. Morrison 2006). Therefore, in addition to having to work within their own domestic system, expanding pharmaceutical corporations also found themselves becoming subject to the laws and regulations of regional authorities, as is the case wi th the European Union, and the growing international laws and directives (D. Held et.al. 1999). A typical example of this is the difference between the various healthcare and drug testing programmes. For example, in a free market economy such as the US, these are likely to be less stringent than they would be in some of the European countries, or even the EU as an entity in its own right (A. Quick, ed. 2002). Economics Economically, pharmaceutical companies also faced problems as they sought to expand. Due to the long lead time from inception to marketing of their products, estimated at between ten and twelve years (Dominic Fenn 2005), and the likelihood of failure product, this could have a significant upon the viability of an organisation. Whilst most of the products were protected by patents, many were nearing the end of that protection period, at which time similar low cost products would be produced. Therefore, part of the expansion programme was driven by a need to se ek innovations and a wider product range in order to safeguard the future and value of their businesses. This could either be achieved by further investment, were the flow of risk capital available, a by forming closer association with other organisations. From a social point of view, the pharmaceutical companies were not only facing the problem of increased demands for new products, but also suffering from the changes in consumer demographics. Globally, the population was aging (EFPIA (2006). A can be seen from the following chart from the EFPIA report, the number of the population has more than doubled in the EU over the past forty five years and in the next fifteen is estimated to increase by a further fifteen percent. These age demographics serve to further increase the demand for pharmaceutical products. Figure 1 Elderly population Technological advances within pharmaceuticals, as other industries, have increased at a pace, which established organisations have foun d difficult to match (Brooks et al. 2004). Small, more versatile corporations, with more flexible management structures and cost base were beginning to eat into the market shares of the establish corporations. The route that the industry took to address all of these problems was to seek consolidation through mergers and acquisition. Some saw the reason for this route being driven by two forces. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One is an act of desperation by two firms hoping that getting bigger will solve all their troubles. The other is a union of firms in good shape that want to grow.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ (Doliveux, 2006) During the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the MA in the industry continued at an rapid pace as companies sought to consolidate their market share position internationally. To address the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s internal economic position, many of these involved closer relationships between established manufacturers and biotechnology c ompanies, which gave them additional sources of specialist knowledge in this field. In addition, MAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s addressed many of the political and social problems that occurred with operations in non-domestic environments. Cross-Border difficulties were perceived to have less of an impact on the future of the business if an organisations took over or merged with a target organisation that had experience of dealing with these issues in their domestic environment. The merger of Glaxo and SmithKline was one of the most notable in the global industry, and this was achieved in the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Consolidation of the market players has continued right through to the the early 2000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, with GlaxoSmithKline (Dyer 2004), predicting there were more to come. However, there have been warnings that perhaps a pinnacle had been reached (Wiesmann et.al. 2006), especially as financial results are not having the desired financial results (Feature 2006). The res ult of the problems that many of the major pharmaceutical companies have experienced over the past two decades, together with mergers and acquisitions within the industry has had the effect of changing the industry structure considerably. Where once there were numerous separate organisations operating in areas such as research and development, biotechnology and manufacture within their own domestic markets, as the following study of Europe will show, the industry domesically and globally is becoming dominated by multinational and transnational organisations that encompass all of these activities. Unlike the US, which has a large number of Public corporations, European countries, because of their fragmented make-up and diverse political and cultural structures, have historically had a much higher concentration of private organisations although this position is now changing. Even within individual nations, there are differences in the structure, dependent upon their political and d emographic structure. UK Historically, the UK has a much higher level of regulations in respect of drug licensing than other EU member states. This is largely because of the NHS. Therefore, the government exerts a significant amount control over pharmaceutical organisations, often to their displeasure (Health 1998). However, with the recent relaxation of regulations, which allowed other retailers to enter the market place, this had the effect of increasing the distribution sources, but at the same time, because a number of these retailers were supermarkets, reduced the prices paid. Being amongst the first European nation to recognise the commercial benefits of Globalisation has led to the UK market seeing a high level of consolidation (Industry profile UK 2005), with GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizers and Merck Inc, being amongst the major players. Figure 2 UK Predicted Market It can be seen from the above table (figure 2), that the forecasted size of the market over the ne xt five years, whilst forecasting a slowdown of growth in the latter three years (2008-2010), at $28.7 billion, provides an attractive pull for the industry corporations. Similarly, with the population growing at a steady rate, and aging in line with previous statistics, the market shares are set to increase as well. Figure 3 UK Population France France has one of the highest rate of drug consumption per capita in the EU, however it also has one of the longest lead times for drugs to reach the market (Industry profile France 2005). Whilst there is a higher dominance of national organisations in the country, multinationals such as GlaxoSmithKline and Merck Inc (Kirsti Park 2006) are making significant inroads into the market place. Figure 4 France predicted market The French market for pharmaceuticals is set to grow at a similar rate to that of the UK. However, in financial terms, due to the size of population, the projected financial rewards, at $40.5 billion, are significantly higher. France offers tax incentives to assist companies with research and development budgets and easing the burden of long investment periods. Italy Italy is the third largest pharmaceutical product consumer per capita in the EU, following France and Germany (Industry profile France 2005). Out of the three studied it also is the country that has seen the least penetration from Global corporations such as GlaxoSmithKline, although organisations from other EU countries, such as Roche Holdings AG, are among the major players. Figure 5 Italy predicted market Although the growth in the Italian market is predicted to be lower than the UK or France, the financial value is similar to the former. Like the other two countries, the aging population is expected to continue to act as an increased revenue driver. In recent years the EU, which has grown out of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“society of member states?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (D. Held et.al) has sought to achieve a programme of harmonisation of trade rules and regulations over all industry sectors, and the pharmaceutical industry is no exception. The EU itself, by eliminating the interstate trade and technical barriers and creating community-wide regulations and laws( P. Dicken 2003), has paved the way for the consolidation of the industry both on a regional and international basis. With cross-border freedom, mergers and acquisitions between member states leading to further consolidation in the industry, the regional structure is experiencing change with multinational and global organisations acquiring much of the smaller competitors in all areas of the industry. Figure 6 New entities EU The above (figure 6) shows that one of the adverse effects of this has been that from a position of leading the world in entities, Europe has now slipped to second place behind the US (EFPIA 2006). Nevertheless, it is still a market of considerable size (see figure 7), with over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1 20 billion in value. Figure 7 European member states market value Conclusion As this report has demonstrated, the changes in the structure of the Pharmaceutical industry over the past two decades, has resulted from a number of internal and external factors (J. Morrison 2006). Internally, organisations have had to reorganise their businesses to cope with the demands that research and development, and the ending of patents on existing drugs has caused. Externally, they have had to react to the many factors that globalisation has brought to bear on international trade. These include the political, legal and cultural make-up of new markets. They have been added to by the aging of the population, both nationally and globally and technological advances. In terms of the Europe market, the formation of the European Union and the moves that it is making towards harmonisation has accelerated the changing structure in this regional. Instead of having to deal with a number of in dividual national environments, as was previously the case, the EU has gone a long way to providing a standard situation for all, at least from the political and legal aspect. Central legislation and regulations, which are incumbent upon member states, have led to the creation of a continent wide market. With the increasing number of states joining the European Union, the size of the marketplace is also set to see a continued growth. The result has been that the Industry in Europe is now being consolidated, by way of mergers, acquisition and other relationships, into a much smaller number of competitors. It is anticipated that, despite some concerns, this position is likely to continue for at least the coming decade or so. References Barral, P. E. (1996). Twenty Years of Pharmaceutical Research Results throughout the World. Rhone Poulenc Foundation, Paris. Brooks, I., Weatherston, J. and Wilkinson, G. (2004), The International Business Environment, FT Prentice Hall: Heme l Hempstead Dicken, P. (2003), Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century (previously Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy), Paul Chapman: London Held D., McGrew, A.G., Goldblatt, D., and Perration, J. (1999), Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, Stanford University Press, Oxford Quick A. (ed.) (2002), Encyclopaedia of global industries, Gale Research: Detroit Doliveux, Roch (2006). European pharmaceuticals. The Economist, UK. 28 September 2006. Dyer, Geoff (2004). Companies UK: GSK to stay unaffected by merger round. Financial Times, 30 April 2004. EFPIA (2006). The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures. European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. Belgium. Feature (2006). Pharmaceutical industry. The Economist, UK. 14 September 2006. Fenn, Dominic (2005) Pharmaceutical Industry: Market Review 2005. Key Note Ltd., Hampton, UK. Finn, David (2003). A decline in mergers reflects industryà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s uncertain outlook. Financial Times, UK. 10 September 2003. Health, (1998). Drugs industry hits back. BBC News. Retrieved 10 January 2007 from https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/216310.stm Industry Profile France (2005). Pharmaceuticals in the France. Datamonitor Europe. UK Industry Profile Italy (2005). Pharmaceuticals in the Italy. Datamonitor Europe. UK Industry Profile UK (2005). Pharmaceuticals in the United Kingdom. Datamonitor Europe. UK Morrison, J. (2006), The International Business Environment: Global and Local Market Places in a Changing World, Palgrave MacMillan. Basingstoke Park, Kirsti (2006). Merck Co., Inc. Hoovers Inc., Austen, Texas. Retrieved 9 January from https://www.hoovers.com/merck--co.,-inc./ID__10986/free-co-factsheet.xhtml Wiesmann, Gerrit and Simonian, Haig (2006). Companies Drugs Mergers: Companies caught in the middle. Financial Times, UK. 22 September 2006.